RaspiElf < Cosmac

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<cite>
The [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_philosophy][Unix philosophy]] emphasizes building simple, short, clear, modular, and extensible code that can be easily maintained and repurposed by developers other than its creators. The Unix philosophy favors composability as opposed to monolithic design.
</cite>

This is a good opportunity to merge old SBC technology (COSMAC Elf e.g. [[http://www.sunrise-ev.com/membershipcard.htm][Elf Membership Card]]) with a new one ([[https://www.raspberrypi.org/][Raspberry Pi]] and [[https://www.gnu.org/][GNU]]/[[https://www.linuxfoundation.org][Linux]]). If you are new to GNU/Linux get involved! I have always admired the UNIX philosophy, I hope this project achieves some of these UNIX goals.
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---+ elf2bin (download tool)

   $ *NAME*: elf2bin - Copies the Elf (Membership Card) memory to a binary file on the Raspberry Pi.

   $ *SYNOPSIS*: elf2bin [-s hexadr] [-e hexadr] [-w] [-r] [file]

   $ *DESCRIPTION*:  Copies the Elf memory to a binary file (or stdout) on the Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi GPIO is used as interface to the Cosmac Elf SBC (e.g. Elf Membership Card parallel port). The generated data is written to the standard output stream or to a _file_. Caution: Overwrite file if it exists. Use  > for redirecting (save the file) or | for piping to another command (e.g. hexdump). All toggle switches on the Elf Membership Card have to be on the up position except for the READ switch, the READ switch has to be on the down position.

   $ *OPTIONS*: Non argument options that are duplicated on the command line are not harmful. For options that require an argument, each duplication will override the previous argument value.
      $ *-s* _hexadr_: start address in hex (0 is default)
      $ *-e* _hexadr_: end adress in hex (0xFFFF is default)
      $ *-w*: write enable when copying is finished
      $ *-r*: go to run mode when copying is finished


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---+ bin2elf (upload tool)
   $ *NAME*: bin2elf - Copies the content of binary file on the Raspberry Pi to Elf (Membership Card) memory .

   $ *SYNOPSIS*: bin2elf [-s hexadr] [-e hexadr] [-w] [-r] [file]

   $ *DESCRIPTION*: Copies the content of binary file on the Raspberry Pi to Elf (Membership Card) memory. The Raspberry Pi GPIO is used as interface to the Cosmac Elf SBC (e.g. Elf Membership Card parallel port). Use < for redirecting or | for piping from another command. All toggle switches on the Elf Membership Card have to be on the up position except for the READ switch, the READ switch has to be on the down position.

   $ *OPTIONS*: Non argument options that are duplicated on the command line are not harmful. For options that require an argument, each duplication will override the previous argument value.
      $ *-s* _hexadr_: start address in hex (0 is default)
      $ *-e* _hexadr_: end adress in hex (0xFFFF is default)
      $ *-w*: write enable when copying is finished
      $ *-r*: go to run mode when copying is finished

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---+ elf (command line tool)
   $ *NAME*: elf - Controls the mode, sets data switches and gets LED data of an Elf (Membership Card).

   $ *SYNOPSIS*: elf [-s hexadr] [-i] [-n] [-v] [load|run|wait|reset|read|get|put] [switch]

   $ *DESCRIPTION*: Controls the mode, sets data switches and gets LED data of an Elf (Membership Card). The Raspberry Pi GPIO is used as interface to the Cosmac Elf SBC (e.g. Elf Membership Card parallel port). If a command is missing, the default command is then _get_. All toggle switches on the Elf Membership Card have to be on the up position except for the READ switch, the READ switch has to be on the down position.
      $ load: sets the mode to load (WAIT and CLR active, is equivalent to switches down)
      $ run: sets the mode to run (WAIT and CLR inactive, is equivalent to switches up)
      $ wait: sets the WAIT to active (is equivalent to switch down), option -n inverts the WAIT to inactive (is equivalent to switch down)
      $ reset|clear: sets the CLR to active (is equivalent to switch down), option -n inverts the CLR to inactive (is equivalent to switch down)
      $ read: sets the WE to active (is equivalent to switch down), option -n inverts the CLR to inactive (is equivalent to switch down)
      $ get: gets the mode and the switch data and the LED data
      $ put _switch_: puts the _switch_ data to the data switches. The data is in hex.

   $ *OPTIONS*: Non argument options that are duplicated on the command line are not harmful. For options that require an argument, each duplication will override the previous argument value.
      $ *-s* _hexadr_: start address in hex (0 is default). Pre increment to the start address before the data is read and written.
      $ *-i*: post increment. The IN is set active for > 100 us after the data is read and written 
      $ *-n*: not, invert the command. No effect for load, run, get, and put.
      $ *-v*: verbose, output looks like "LED:01 Q:1 Rx:1 IN:0 WAIT:1 CLR:1 READ:0 SWITCH:0c"


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---+ elfdisplay (controls hex-display and hex-keypad)
   $ *NAME*: elfdisplay - Reads a hex keypad and sets the data and gets LED data of an Elf (Membership Card) and shows address and data on micro dot pHAT display. 
   $ *SYNOPSIS*: elfdisplay [-v] [<device-filename>]

   $ *DESCRIPTION*: Reads a hex keypad and sets the data and gets LED data of an Elf (Membership Card) and shows address and data on micro dot pHAT display. The console (stdin) can be used as keyboard or the EV_KEY events from USB keypad (e.g. /dev/input/event0). 

   $ *OPTIONS*: Non argument options that are duplicated on the command line are not harmful. For options that require an argument, each duplication will override the previous argument value.
      $ *-v*: verbose, output looks like "LED:01 Q:1 Rx:1 IN:0 WAIT:1 CLR:1 READ:0 SWITCH:0c"

Function Keys 
| *Short* | *Mode*         | *Key*    | *Keycode* | *Notes*                                                                                       |
| IN      | Input          | I, [CR]  | 96        | Increment address, in LOAD mode causes the data byte shown to be written to the address shown |
| LD      | Load           | L, +     | 78        | Goes to the LOAD mode. In the LOAD mode goes to the address entry mode                        |
| R/S     | Run/Wait       | R, .     | 83        | Toggles between Run and Wait. R/S is a reminiscence of HP pocket calculators                  | 
| MP      | Memory Protect | M, -     | 74        | Shows data byte from the address shown                                                        |
| SW      | Switch/Keypad  | S, [BS]  | 14        | Toggles between front panel switches and keypad                                               |

To upload BASIC3 and the knightrider chase light and start the elfdisplay at boot add following to the =/etc/rc.local=:
<pre>
# RaspiElf Tools init
# -------------------
printf "Upload BASIC3 to membership card\n"
bin2elf -s 8000 /home/pi/elf/basic/MCSMP20J.bin
printf "Upload knightrider to membership card\n"
bin2elf /home/pi/elf/RaspiElf/chase/knightrider.bin
#printf "Start BASIC\n"
#bin2elf /home/pi/elf/basic/LBR_8000.bin
printf "Start ElfDisplay\n"
elfdisplay /dev/input/by-id/usb-046a_0014-event-kbd &
</pre>

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---+ How to get and build the RaspiElf tools

Get the source from the [[https://github.com/spyren/RaspiElf][GIT repository]] (if you have not installed GIT yet, then install it with
=sudo apt-get install git=), type only the bold text after the $ sign:
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf $ <b>git clone https://github.com/spyren/RaspiElf</b>
Cloning into 'RaspiElf'...
remote: Counting objects: 68, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (37/37), done.
remote: Total 68 (delta 32), reused 62 (delta 29), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (68/68), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
pi@cosmac:~/elf $
</pre>

Build (compile) from the sources:
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf $ <b>cd RaspiElf</b>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf $ <b>cd tools/</b>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/tools $ <b>make</b>
cc -g -c elf2bin.c
cc -g -c raspi_gpio.c
cc -g -o elf2bin -lwiringPi elf2bin.o raspi_gpio.o
cc -g -c bin2elf.c
cc -g -o bin2elf -lwiringPi bin2elf.o raspi_gpio.o
cc -g -c elf.c
cc -g -o elf -lwiringPi elf.o raspi_gpio.o
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/tools $ 
</pre>

Install the binaries into =/usr/local/bin=
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/tools $ <b>sudo make install</b>
install -m 557 elf2bin bin2elf elf /usr/local/bin
</pre>

Install !wiringPi (GPIO Interface library for the Raspberry Pi), details see http://wiringpi.com/download-and-install/

Enable the I2C interface
<pre>
@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/tools $ <b>sudo raspi-config</b>
</pre>
   * 5 Interfacing Options  Configure connections to peripherals 
   * P5 I2C         Enable/Disable automatic loading of I2C kernel module 


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---+ Sample session
Type only the bold text after the $ sign.

Initialise the Elf memory with 00H (32 Kib):
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/chase $ <b>bin2elf -e 7fff &lt;/dev/zero</b>
0x8000 bytes written
</pre>

Upload and run the chase lighting program (details see ChaseLighting):
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/chase $ <b>bin2elf -w -r chase.bin</b>
0x002d bytes written
</pre>

Stop the program an go into the load state:
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/chase $ <b>elf load</b>
01 1 0 0 1 1 0 0c
</pre>

Hexdump the Elf memory until address 0x3f (hexdump is standard UNIX tool and is included in Raspbian and other GNU/Linux'):
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/chase $ <b>elf2bin -e 3f | hexdump -C</b>
0x0040 bytes read
00000000  c0 00 03 e3 90 b3 f8 30  a3 f8 01 53 64 6c 23 fa  |.......0...Sdl#.|
00000010  fe 3a 1a f0 f6 c7 f8 80  30 1f f0 fe c7 f8 01 53  |.:......0......S|
00000020  f8 14 b2 22 92 3a 23 c5  7a 38 7b 30 0c 00 00 00  |...".:#.z8{0....|
00000030  04 ff 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000040
</pre>

Get the mode and the data (LEDs and swiches)
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/chase $ <b>elf</b>
02 1 1 0 1 1 1 ff
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/chase $ <b>elf -v </b>
LED:01 Q:1 Rx:1 IN:0 WAIT:1 CLR:1 READ:0 SWITCH:0c
</pre>

Write enable (not READ)
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/chase $ <b>elf -n read</b>
02 1 1 0 1 1 0 ff
</pre>

Run mode (starts the chase lighting again)
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/chase $ <b>elf run</b>
</pre>

Put 0000'0000B to the switches (chase LEDs from right to left)
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/chase $ <b>elf put 0</b>
40 1 1 0 0 0 0 00
</pre>

Put 1000'0000B to the switches (chase LEDs from left to right)
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/chase $ <b>elf put 80</b>
10 1 1 0 0 0 0 80
</pre>

Get the mode and data while the program is running (LEDs and Q are changing)
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/chase $ <b>elf -v</b>
LED:40 Q:1 Rx:1 IN:0 WAIT:0 CLR:0 READ:0 SWITCH:80
pi@cosmac:~/elf/RaspiElf/chase $ <b>elf -v</b>
LED:02 Q:0 Rx:1 IN:0 WAIT:0 CLR:0 READ:0 SWITCH:80
</pre>
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---+ Start BASIC3 without EPROM

There are BASIC3, Tiny BASIC, and Chuck's Super Monitor EPROM binaries on Lee Hart's _The COSMAC ELF Membership Card_ http://www.sunrise-ev.com/membershipcard.htm website for his famous Membership Card. I have got some old 27C256 EPROMs but no programmer nor eraser. 

But the MSC needs to have 64 !KiB RAM, the standard 62256 RAM in the U2 socket and the !CY7C199 (or IDT71256) soldered in U8.

First of all you need a serial console (terminal program) to communicate with the Elf. I prefer to use =microcom= (=minicom= or =putty= are good alternatives)
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/basic $ <b>sudo apt-get install microcom</b>
</pre>

The Raspberry Pi [[https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/configuration/uart.md][UART]] is used as console (default setting). Change this with =raspi-config=:
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/basic $ <b>sudo raspi-config</b>
</pre>
Select option 5, _Interfacing options_, then option P6, _Serial_, and select *No* for _Would you like a login shell to be accessible over serial?_ and select *Yes* for _Would you like the serial port hardware to be enabled?_ . Exit raspi-config. Reboot Raspi now.

Add user =pi= to the =tty= group (give user =pi= the right to write to =/dev/ttyS0=):
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/basic $ <b>sudo usermod -a -G tty pi</b>
</pre>

Get the binary from _The COSMAC ELF Membership Card_ http://www.sunrise-ev.com/membershipcard.htm
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/basic $ <b>wget http://www.sunrise-ev.com/MembershipCard/MCSMP20J.bin</b>
...
2017-12-26 23:08:09 (140 KB/s) - 'MCSMP20J.bin' saved [32768/32768]
pi@cosmac:~/elf/basic $ 
</pre>

Upload the EPROM binary to the Membership Card at starting address 0x8000:
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/basic $ <b>bin2elf -s 8000 MCSMP20J.bin</b>
0x8000 bytes written
</pre>

Get the binary for =LBR 8000= from my site:
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/basic $ <b>wget http://spyr.ch/twiki/pub/Cosmac/RaspiElf/LBR_8000.bin</b>
...
2017-12-26 23:49:28 (102 KB/s) - 'LBR_8000.bin' saved [3/3]
pi@cosmac:~/elf/basic $ ls -l
total 36
-rw-r--r-- 1 pi pi     3 Dec 26 22:51 LBR_8000.bin
-rw-r--r-- 1 pi pi 32768 Dec 13 17:59 MCSMP20J.bin
</pre>

Start from address 0x8000:
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/basic $ <b>bin2elf -w -r LBR_8000.bin</b>
0x0003 bytes written
</pre>

Start the serial console and connect to the Membership Card
<pre>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/basic $ <b>microcom -s 9600</b>
connected to /dev/ttyS0
Escape character: Ctrl-\
Type the escape character followed by c to get to the menu or q to quit

Membership Card's Serial Monitor Program Ver. 2.0
Enter "H" for Help.
><b>N</b> 


C RCA 1981
BASIC3 V1.1
C/W?
<b>C</b>
 READY
:<b>PRINT "Hello Raspberry Pi"</b>
Hello Raspberry Pi

READY
:
</pre>

For other than US keyboards you can use Ctrl-4 instead of Ctrl-\.

Remote access the Elf Membership Card with a GNU/Linux PC and SSH (or a Windows PC and PUTTY):
<pre>
psi@homer:~> <b>ssh -l pi -X 192.168.1.111</b>
pi@192.168.1.111's password: 

The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.

Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
Last login: Tue Jan  2 15:53:08 2018 from homer.home
pi@cosmac:~ $ <b>cd elf/basic/</b>
pi@cosmac:~/elf/basic $ <b>bin2elf -w -r LBR_8000.bin</b>
0x0003 bytes written
pi@cosmac:~/elf/basic $ <b>microcom -s 9600</b>
connected to /dev/ttyS0
Escape character: Ctrl-\
Type the escape character followed by c to get to the menu or q to quit

Membership Card's Serial Monitor Program Ver. 2.0
Enter "H" for Help.
>
</pre>
If your ISP supports DMZ, static IP addresses, port forwarding and dynamic DNS you have remote access to your Elf from everywhere.

[[http://www.sunrise-ev.com/MembershipCard/BASIC3v11user.pdf][RCA 1802 BASIC level 3 ver. 1.1 User Manual]]

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---+ Wiring 

| %IMAGE{"%PUBURLPATH%/Cosmac/RaspiElf/harness.jpg" type="thumb"}% | %IMAGE{"%PUBURLPATH%/Cosmac/RaspiElf/raspi-elfmemcard.jpg" type="thumb"}% | %IMAGE{"%PUBURLPATH%/Cosmac/MassStorage/db25-eeprom-top.jpg" type="thumb" caption="Diodes on Veroboard, additional Socket for [[MassStorage][EEPROM]]"}% | %IMAGE{"%PUBURLPATH%/Cosmac/MassStorage/db25-eeprom-bottom.jpg" type="thumb" caption="The red wires are for the EEPROM"}% |


The Raspberry Pi ARM processor supply voltage is 3.3 V and the GPIOs are not 5 V tolerant. The Elf supply voltage is 5 V. This means that the GPIOs (input) have to be protected from Elf. The easiest way is to use diodes e.g. 1N4148 to protect the GPIOs from the 5 V, but the GPIOs need then pullup resistors. Thankfully the Raspi GPIOs have internal pullups and they can be controlled by software. The cathode has to be on the Elf side.

It is possible that the Elf works with 3.3 V supply voltage, but this is not within the specifications. In this case the diodes are not needed. Connect the Raspi Pin 1 to P4 Pin 3 (do NOT connect Raspi Pin 2!). 

   * [[http://www.sunrise-ev.com/membershipcard.htm][Elf Membership Card]]
   * https://pinout.xyz/#
   * http://wiringpi.com/the-gpio-utility/
   * http://raspberrypiguide.de/howtos/raspberry-pi-gpio-how-to/

---++ Bill of materials
| *Description*              | *Mouser Part#*   |
| Ribbon Cable 40 conductors | 517-3365/40FT    |
| D-Sub 25P male             | 523-L717SDBH25P  |
| Header Connector 40 pol    | 571-4-215911-0   |
| 9 x 1N4148                 | 512-1N4148       |
| Socket 6 pin               |                  |

Veroboard Variant
| *Description*                 | *Mouser Part#*   |
| Veroboard                     |                  |
| Ribbon Cable 40 conductors    | 517-3365/40FT    |
| D-Sub 25P male for Ribbon Cable | 571-1658613-2    |
| 2 x Header Connector 40 pol   | 571-4-215911-0   |
| Header Connector 34 pol       | 571-3-215911-4   |
| 9 x 1N4148                    | 512-1N4148       |
| Socket 1x6 pin                |                  |
| Pin Header 40 pol             | 571-2-826925-0   |   
| Pin Header 34 pol             | 571-2-826925-0   |   
| DIL8 Socket, optional         | 571-2-1571552-2  |   
| 100 nF Capacitor, optional    |                  |
| 1N4148, optional              | 512-1N4148       |
| 25LC1024, optional            | 579-25LC1024-I/P |


---++ Cable
| *Pi Pin#* | *Pi Function* | *Elf Pin DSUB J2*  | *POWER P4* | *Elf Function*  |
| 1         | 3.3 V         | (18)               | (3)        | (VIN, +)        |         
| *2*       | 5 V           | (18)               | *3*        | VIN, +          |
| 3         | BCM 2, SDA    |                    |            |                 |
| 4         | 5 V           |                    |            |                 |
| 5         | BCM 3, SCL    |                    |            |                 |
| *6*       | GND           | (19)               | *1*        | GND, -          |
| *7*       | BCM 4         | *1, in*            |            | IN- (EF4)       |
| *8*       | BCM 14, TXD   | (20)               | *4, in*    | RXD, RX (EF3)   |
| *9*       | GND           |                    | *6*        | GND, /ON        |
| *10*      | BCM 15, RXD   | (15)               | *5, out, Cathode* | TXD, TX (Q)    |
| *11*      | BCM 17        | *14, in*           |            | WAIT-           | 
| *12*      | BCM 18        | *16, in*           |            | CLR-            | 
| *13*      | BCM 27        | *17, in*           |            | WE-             | 
| 14        | GND           |                    |            |                 |
| *15*      | BCM 22        | *2, in*            |            | IN0             |
| *16*      | BCM 23        | *3, in*            |            | IN1             |
| 17        | 3.3 V         |                    |            |                 |
| *18*      | BCM 24        | *4, in*            |            | IN2             | 
| *19*      | BCM 10, MOSI  | *5, in*            |            | IN3             | 
| 20        | GND           |                    |            |                 |
| *21*      | BCM 9, MISO   | *6, in*            |            | IN4             | 
| *22*      | BCM 25        | *7, in*            |            | IN5             |
| *23*      | BCM 11,SCLK   | *8, in*            |            | IN6             |
| *24*      | BCM 8, CE0    | *9, in*            |            | IN7             |
| 25        | GND           |                    |            |                 |
| *26*      | BCM 7, CE1    | *25, out, Cathode* |            | O0 (*)          | 
| 27        | BCM 0         |                    |            |                 |
| 28        | BCM 1         |                    |            |                 |
| *29*      | BCM 5         | *24, out, Cathode* |            | O1 (*)          | 
| 30        | GND           |                    |            |                 |
| *31*      | BCM 6         | *23, out, Cathode* |            | O2 (*)          |
| *32*      | BCM 12        | *22, out, Cathode* |            | O3 (*)          |
| *33*      | BCM 13        | *13, out, Cathode* |            | O4 (*)          |
| 34        | GND           |                    |            |                 |
| *35*      | BCM 19        | *12, out, Cathode* |            | O5 (*)          | 
| *36*      | BCM 16        | *10, out, Cathode* |            | O6 (*)          | 
| *37*      | BCM 26        | *11, out, Cathode* |            | O7 (*)          | 
| 38        | BCM 20        |                    |            |                 |
| 39        | GND           |                    |            |                 |
| 40        | BCM 21 ([[WoodenBox#GPIO_Shutdown][shutdown]]) |   |    |         |


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-- %USERSIG{PeterSchmid - 2017-11-26}%

---++!! Comments
Attachments
Topic attachments
I	Attachment	History	Action	Size	Date	Who
bin	LBR_8000.bin	r1	manage	0.1 K	2017-12-26 - 22:48	PeterSchmid
png	gpio-numbers-pi2.png	r1	manage	53.2 K	2017-11-26 - 18:46	PeterSchmid
jpg	harness.jpg	r1	manage	276.2 K	2017-12-18 - 17:46	PeterSchmid
jpg	raspi-elfmemcard-s.jpg	r2 r1	manage	55.2 K	2017-12-18 - 17:49	PeterSchmid
jpg	raspi-elfmemcard.jpg	r1	manage	396.7 K	2017-12-18 - 18:00	PeterSchmid
Topic revision: r38 - 2023-06-17 - PeterSchmid